The offered headings of the scientific journal are since 2019: National Security and Human Rights; Administrative Law and Policing; Crime Counteraction and Combating Corruption; Empirical Jurisprudence; Legal Psychology; Reform of the Legislation. Participating in the contests for the best scientific, educational and periodical edition within the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine the journal every time became the awardee of the contest in the nomination 'Scientific Journals': in 2010 and 2012 it was ranked the 2nd, in 2014 took the 3rd, and in 2017 - the 2nd place again. By the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine the journal is included to the cetegory "B" in the List of scientific professional editions of Ukraine in psychology (specialty 19.00.06 'Legal Psychology') and in law sciences.
Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs
Implementation of the Regulations of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine under Martial Law: the Main Features
The concept and essence of the implementation of the Regulations of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine under martial law are revealed. It is determined that its implementation is impossible without the functioning of parliament under martial law. It is highlighted that the key transformation of the implementation of the Regulations compared to peacetime is related to the extreme regime of performing parliamentary functions, which must be combined with expanded powers to protect the country, granted by the military leadership, as well as with certain temporary restrictions on constitutional rights and freedoms, which must be controlled by parliament. It is found that the implementation of the Regulations under martial law has the following features: the absence of separate procedures focused on the conditions of martial law; it has not yet been brought into line with the Constitution of Ukraine, contrary to the requirements of the Constitution and the positions of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine; it is being implemented in the context of incomplete parliamentary reform; the dynamics of its implementation are marked by its selective application, which began with the adoption by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine of resolutions that partially replace the Rules of Procedure themselves in regulating parliamentary procedures; such implementation contributes to maintaining the governability and ensuring the continuity of the parliament's work; balancing the values of security and efficiency in parliamentary procedures has led to a temporary departure from the principle of parliamentary openness declared by the Rules of Procedure; The Rules of Procedure, while defining the important role of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine in the introduction of the legal regime of martial law, do not provide for effective means of parliamentary control over its implementation by the executive branch. It is proved that the effectiveness of the implementation of the Regulations directly depends on the level of consistency of parliamentary procedures with the norms of the Constitution of Ukraine and adaptation to the extreme conditions of wartime. The importance of the principle of normative continuity and the need to improve parliamentary control procedures to ensure a balance between democratic legitimacy and security requirements are emphasised. It is concluded that further modernisation of the Regulations should provide for the development of universal mechanisms for its implementation in special legal regimes aimed at preserving the stability of the legislative branch, increasing its institutional resilience and the transparency of parliamentary activities in conditions of prolonged armed aggression.
implementation of the Rules of Procedure
Copyright (c) 2025 S. V. Linetskyi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Subjects of International Cooperation in Higher Education in Ukraine and the Limits of Their Competence
The need for legal research on international cooperation in higher education is driven, in particular, by the regional issue of European integration and the global issues of internationalisation and globalisation of higher education. The latter are the subject of a number of scientific studies, which, in terms of methodology, are partly based on the relevant experience and practices of international cooperation between higher education institutions, in particular foreign ones. In addition, various areas of international cooperation between higher education institutions give rise to a wide range of actors, which, from a legal point of view, requires separate research due to the large number of regulatory and legal acts that determine the legal status and limits of competence of the relevant actors. The article is devoted to identifying the subjects of international cooperation in the field of higher education and characterising the limits of their competence. International subjects of such cooperation are analysed, and national subjects are identified by studying various regulatory and legal acts of domestic national law. The limits of competence of subjects of international cooperation in higher education are outlined, and a basic list of criteria for their further classification is formed. The subjects of international cooperation in the field of higher education are a system of international subjects (states and confederations, international intergovernmental and inter-state organisations, other subjects with a foreign component) and a system of subjects of domestic law, namely: the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine; the President of Ukraine; the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine; ministries and other central executive bodies, their authorised departments and employees; advisory bodies to executive bodies; state-owned enterprises, institutions and organisations related to higher education and their authorised employees; local state authorities responsible for higher education and their authorised employees; state higher education institutions, scientific and scientific-production institutions and their structural subdivisions; commercial legal entities and individual entrepreneurs; public and/or self-governing organisations, associations, associations of individuals or legal entities in the field of higher education; individuals whose main activities or interests relate to the field of higher education. The criteria for classifying entities involved in international cooperation in the field of higher education may include the following: subject, subject matter, influence, and industry.
international cooperation in the field of higher education
Copyright (c) 2025 S. O. Serbenyuk http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Child-Friendly Justice: International Legal Guidelines and National Challenges
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of international legal standards of child-friendly justice and assesses their implementation in Ukrainian legislation and law enforcement practice. It is proven that international acts, both mandatory and recommendatory in nature, create the foundation for the integration of a child-centred approach, in which priority is given to the best interests of the child, their dignity, safety and protection from any form of discrimination or revictimisation. It is established that the implementation of international standards of child-friendly justice in Ukraine is systematic and gradual, focused on adapting national law enforcement practices to European approaches in the field of child rights protection. An important step in this direction was the launch in June 2023 of a pilot project to implement international standards of child-friendly justice, which is currently being implemented by pre-trial investigation bodies and the prosecutor's office throughout Ukraine. As part of the project to establish child protection centres (based on the Barnahus model), which was launched in July 2024, procedural actions are carried out in safe, psychologically comfortable conditions, where comprehensive assistance is provided to children. Ukraine is also implementing separate initiatives aimed at developing restorative justice (through the implementation of the Restorative Justice Programme with the participation of minors who are suspects or accused of committing criminal offences) through a system of free legal aid. It is proved that the implementation of international standards of child-friendly justice requires not only the formal consolidation of relevant norms at the level of regulatory and legal acts, but also the harmonisation of the national legal system and law enforcement practice. Improvements to the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine should be aimed at clarifying the status of legal representatives and psychologists; ensuring the right of children to free legal aid regardless of their procedural status; developing procedural rules for concluding reconciliation agreements in criminal proceedings involving minors (both victims and suspects/defendants). It is emphasised that the practical implementation of child-friendly justice principles requires a transformation of law enforcement approaches – from formal compliance with the rules to recognising children as subjects of law who have their own opinions, needs and dignity. Of particular importance is the development of the professional competencies of investigators, prosecutors, lawyers and judges in the field of communication with children, as well as the introduction of an effective system of interagency cooperation.
Copyright (c) 2025 O. V. Pchelina, T. H. Fomina http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sanctions in the System of Counteracting Criminal Asset Circulation: Criminological and Legal Analysis of the International Dimension of Application
The article is devoted to defining the concept, place and role of sanctions as a criminological measure in the system of combating criminal asset trafficking at the international level. The concept of ‘sanctions’ as a category of international law has been studied, their criminological nature has been clarified, and their place in the system of combating crime in general and criminal asset trafficking in particular has been determined. As a result of the study, a multifactorial matrix of the international dimension of sanctions as a form of state responsibility for internationally wrongful acts has been proposed. It includes: a) a subject-target component with three categories of states, organisations and individuals targeted by sanctions; b) a subject-content component of countermeasures within the framework of bringing states to international legal responsibility, which covers economic, political-diplomatic and military-political sanctions; c) the scale of the deployment of repressive and preventive sanctions, which is represented by three levels – global, regional and local. Economic restrictive measures are sectoral (sectors of the economy with a list of sanctioned entities with which business contacts are prohibited), nomenclature (lists of goods), and personal (relating to specific individuals). The dysfunctionality of the UN as an entity for the formation and implementation of global international sanctions policy has been proven. Amendments and additions to the UN Charter have been proposed to regulate the procedure for the loss of veto power by a permanent member of the Security Council whose actions have been condemned by a resolution of the UN General Assembly. It has been argued that the implementation of such a step would unblock the Security Council's ability to respond adequately to internationally illegal acts by states, in particular Russia’s aggression against Ukraine. A gap has been identified in the criminal law regulation of relations in the field of enforcement of the provisions and restrictions established by international sanctions. However, eliminating this gap requires the adoption of a basic regulatory legal act on determining the legal regime of international sanctions on the territory of Ukraine.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yu. V. Shvets http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
International Models of Legal Regulation for Combating Cybercrime: Recommendations for Ukraine
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of international models of legal regulation for combating cybercrime, identifying their key elements, development trends, and possibilities for implementation in Ukrainian legislation. It reveals universal approaches developed within the Council of Europe and the UN, as well as regional models of the European Union, the United States of America, Asian countries and NATO. Particular attention is paid to the 2001 Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime, its additional protocols and modern mechanisms of international cooperation. It is demonstrated that the Convention has become a fundamental document in the field of unifying legal approaches to the criminalisation of acts related to the use of information technologies and has created a basis for the cross-border exchange of electronic evidence. The aim of the study is to summarise international experience in combating cybercrime and to develop recommendations for its adaptation in Ukraine. The methodological basis is based on systematic, comparative legal, historical legal and analytical methods, which made it possible to identify patterns in the formation of modern cybersecurity models. Regulatory and legal acts, international treaties, scientific works and practical initiatives of states in the field of cyber defence are analysed. Ukraine’s participation in international programmes and projects aimed at developing cyber resilience, in particular within the framework of cooperation with the European Union, NATO and the UN, is highlighted. The need to harmonise Ukrainian legislation with international standards, improve procedures for the collection and use of electronic evidence, and strengthen the institutional capacity of law enforcement agencies is substantiated. It is emphasised that after the start of the full-scale invasion by the Russian Federation on 24 February 2022, cybercrime has become one of the key instruments of hybrid warfare against Ukraine. The scientific novelty lies in identifying the prospects for the development of a national system to combat cybercrime based on international practices. The results obtained are of practical importance for improving legal regulation, strengthening international cooperation, and ensuring the cyber resilience of the state in the face of modern threats. The proposed conclusions can be used to develop a national cybersecurity strategy and improve the effectiveness of interagency cooperation in the field of combating cybercrime.
Copyright (c) 2025 M. V. Mordvyntsev, D. V. Pashniev, O. V. Khliestkov http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Civil Law Mechanisms for Regulating Information Security and Risk Management in Ukraine within the Context of European Integration
This article examines civil law mechanisms for regulating information security and risk management in Ukraine within the context of European integration. The information society and the mechanism of interaction between its components are identified and characterised. It is noted that the information society is the result of profound transformations in the fields of technology, economics and law, which are radically changing the nature of social and legal relations. The features of legal regulation of personal protection and risk management in the digital space in the context of European integration are analysed. The relevance and problems of modern mechanisms for ensuring information security, in particular in Ukraine, are examined, and the need to harmonise legislation with international standards, such as European Union directives and Council of Europe conventions, is emphasised. Information security is interpreted as a system of legal and technical measures to protect the rights and interests of subjects in digital relations, with a particular emphasis on liability, compensation for damage and preventive measures. The role of civil law instruments in forming an effective protection system in the context of modern cyber threats and globalisation, which contributes to the improvement of the legal culture and legal stability of the Ukrainian information space, is examined. It is noted that the modern understanding of information security in the context of civil law is formed at the intersection of national legislation, international standards and doctrinal approaches. Information security is considered not only as a sphere of public administration, but also as an important element of civil law relations that directly affects the rights of individuals and legal entities. Arguments are presented regarding the need to improve legal mechanisms, taking into account international standards and EU practice, particularly in the areas of risk management, contractual and insurance activities, which will contribute to increasing Ukraine's legal stability. It has been established that information security is becoming an important subject of civil law, and its protection requires the integration of technical, managerial and legal instruments. It is proposed to supplement civil legislation and other regulatory acts regarding the civil law mechanism for regulating information security and risk management in Ukraine.
Copyright (c) 2025 O. A. Yavor, T. S. Kyrychenko http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integrity in Criminology: from Doctrine to Crime Prevention Practice
Based on the results of empirical and theoretical research, this article attempts to understand the nature, reveal the essence, and clarify the scientific content of integrity in the field of criminology. It provides an expert assessment of the degree of development and relevance of this issue, focusing on the peculiarities of its research methodology. Three scientific areas are identified within which the main scientific discourse on the problem of integrity takes place. Ukrainian and foreign scientists whose scientific work contributes to the deepening of knowledge about integrity in science in general and in criminology in particular are listed. The general scientific methodology for understanding integrity in criminological science is clarified. The close connection between integrity and systematicity, as well as between comprehensive and systematic approaches, particularly in the field of crime prevention, is substantiated. The author's definition of the concept of “integrity” is proposed and its essential features are identified. Relevant arguments are presented in favour of the idea that the cognition of integrity must be carried out using the example and taking into account a special systemic object – the criminological system of Ukraine. A number of complexes (levels) of such a system are identified. It is stated that the core of the criminological system is formed by the complexes of criminological theory, legislation and activity. The conclusion is made that integrity should not be limited to its classical-archaic interpretation, which boils down to the interdisciplinary (intersectoral) manifestation of integrity in connection with criminological theory and practice with other fields of knowledge related to the problem of crime prevention. The modern approach also involves an internal understanding of integrity within the criminological system of Ukraine. The need for a dual (classical and modern) interpretation of this phenomenon is emphasised. Its external and internal manifestations are characterised using the example of criminological theory, legislation and practice.
Copyright (c) 2025 M. G. Kolodyazhny http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Compensation for Damage as a Form of International Legal Responsibility of the russian federation for Armed Aggression against Ukraine
The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the compensation for damages as a key form of international legal responsibility of the russian federation for armed aggression against Ukraine. The relevance of the topic is due to the unprecedented scale of the damage caused and the need to develop effective mechanisms for compensation in the context of contemporary international legal challenges, transformations and the growing role of international organisations. The aim of the study is to clarify the international legal nature of compensation for damage as a mandatory consequence of a gross violation of the jus cogens norm – the prohibition of aggression – and to determine the role of international, regional and national institutions in ensuring the realisation of this right of Ukraine and its practical implementation. The work uses a set of general scientific and special legal methods, which made it possible to systematically analyse the provisions of international legal acts, judicial practice and doctrinal approaches to determining the scope, nature and forms of compensation. Particular attention is paid to the practice of the UN International Court of Justice, the European Court of Human Rights and the International Criminal Court, which play a key role in shaping standards of compensation for damage and creating a harmonised international practice. The article examines the issues of material, moral, environmental and cultural damages subject to compensation, as well as the problems of applying the principle of restitutio in integrum in the current conditions of hybrid wars and international security instability. The results of the study show that compensation for damage in the case of Russian aggression against Ukraine is universal and comprehensive in nature and includes both direct material damage and long-term negative consequences for society, the economy and the environment. At the same time, significant legal barriers to the implementation of this right have been identified, related to the immunity of state property, the lack of a universal mechanism for the enforcement of decisions, and the limited jurisdiction of international judicial bodies. The prospects for the creation of a special international compensation mechanism, in particular an International Register of Damages, as well as the possibility of using frozen Russian assets for the benefit of Ukraine’s recovery and sustainable development, have been analysed. It is concluded that the formation of an effective system of compensation for damage is an indispensable condition for the restoration of international law and order, the strengthening of trust in international law and the establishment of justice, as well as an important factor in ensuring sustainable peace, reconciliation and the future development of Ukraine.
Lawmaking Experience in Shaping National Legislation Regarding the Right to Freedom of Peaceful Assembly
The article examines the issue of legislative activity in the field of legislative regulation of the use and exercise of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly in Ukraine. Public and political opinion has repeatedly emphasised the need for legislative regulation of the obligations of both the subjects exercising this right and public administration bodies when organising and conducting peaceful assemblies. The article analyses quantitative and qualitative indicators of lawmaking, the quality of draft laws, their clarity, comprehensibility and consistency with the current legislation of Ukraine, and their compliance with constitutional norms. The study covers the Draft Law on Guarantees of Freedom of Peaceful Assembly, the Draft Law on the Procedure for Organising and Conducting Peaceful Events, the Draft Law on Freedom of Peaceful Assembly, as well as doctrinal views on lawmaking in the field of regulating the right to freedom of peaceful assembly in Ukraine. It concludes that these draft laws do not ensure the freedom to exercise the right to peaceful assembly, but rather are an attempt by the state to restrict this right by imposing additional obligations on persons wishing to exercise their right. The provisions of these draft laws indicate that they constitute regulatory material that should be applied not to regulate the general sphere of use and exercise of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly, but to establish specific exceptions to these rules. At the same time, the proposed draft laws do not address a number of important issues, such as notification deadlines, the definition of the subject of notification, the powers of state authorities and local self-government bodies to ensure the unhindered exercise of this right, etc. With these draft laws, the legislator is attempting to legitimise additional obligations for those who enjoy the right to freedom of peaceful assembly, transforming a negative right, which is a guarantee of the exercise of other constitutional rights, into a positive right, the use or exercise of which depends on the discretion of public administration bodies. Based on an in-depth analysis, well-founded conclusions have been made regarding the quality of these draft laws and the advisability of improving them, as well as the importance for civil society of adopting relevant legislation in the field of freedom of peaceful assembly. It has been determined that the development of the legal system should be directed towards the adoption of legislative acts that clearly define the powers of public administration bodies in organising and conducting peaceful assemblies, as well as avoiding the imposition of additional obligations on those exercising this right.
legislative regulation of human and civil rights
Copyright (c) 2025 M. A. Sambor http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Children are the future of society, and therefore, protecting them and ensuring their continued existence as individuals beneficial to society is another responsibility of the law. Applying the same level of penalties as adults to juveniles who are drawn to crime, who are not raised in safe environments, and who, due to their age, are not subject to legal proceedings, would be unjust, both sociologically and legally. In this regard, many forms of juvenile criminal sanctions used across various legal systems. Aiming to reintegrate young people into society and accepting their developmental differences from adults, juvenile justice systems usually stress rehabilitation over punishment. Distinguishes between non-custodial and custodial punishments including warnings, probation, community service, diversion programs, and imprisonment. It also looks at elements affecting the decision of penalties, like the degree of the violation, offender age, and past criminal record. This comparative study shows how many countries strike a balance between responsibility and safeguarding of children’s rights. This paper provides an in-depth examination of specific the examples drawn from several countries, namely Bosnia and Herzegovina, Turkey, and Italy. Through this exploration, the study brings to light both the shared principles and the distinct methodologies that are employed in these nations to address youth-related legal issues. Ultimately, this comprehensive analysis argues that several key factors are of paramount importance for the successful reduction of recidivism and the effective social reintegration of young people. The study emphasizes the critical need for a focus on meaningful and effective rehabilitation strategies and the necessity of providing robust and consistent funding to child welfare systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 S. Abdülkerim-Osmanović http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Essence and Features of International Cooperation in Higher Education in Ukraine
International cooperation in higher education has a direct and significant impact on the international authority of the state, its integration into the world community, and the attraction of foreign investment. It covers a wide range of activities, from education and science to academic integrity and other areas of activity. The relevance of researching the essence of international cooperation in higher education and the features of its administrative and legal support is determined by the need to increase the competitiveness of domestic education and science, the desire to occupy high positions in international rankings and attract foreign investment. The implementation of these tasks is complicated by the cumbersome procedures of international cooperation, the lack of clear mechanisms for the legal regulation of certain types of cooperation, and the insufficient development of theoretical provisions. Despite a significant number of scientific works devoted to the administrative and legal support of international cooperation in various spheres of social relations, as well as to individual aspects of the activities of higher education institutions, there are still significant gaps in the coverage of issues of its legal regulation in the field of higher education. This article opens a series of studies on this topic and is devoted to summarising the basic aspects of the essence and content of international cooperation in the field of higher education in Ukraine, in particular in the context of the specifics and content of the norms of current legislation. The main objectives of the study are: to reveal the key characteristics of domestic and foreign studies; to analyse the content of the concept of “international cooperation” and the specialised category of “international cooperation in higher education”; to summarise the features of this phenomenon and highlight its characteristic features in the Ukrainian context. In the course of the work, all tasks were completed and the author’s definition of the concept of “international cooperation in higher education” was formulated. The main legal relations that are its objects were also identified as follows: in the fields of law, education and educational activities, science and innovation, economics, humanitarian policy and investment.
international cooperation in higher education
Summarising the Best Practices of Foreign Countries in the Field of Combating Corruption for Ukraine
The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the most successful foreign anti-corruption practices developed in countries such as Singapore, Georgia, Romania, Sweden, South Korea, Poland, the Czech Republic, France, Canada and the United States. Particular attention is paid to institutional models and mechanisms for coordinating anti-corruption policy. The role of specialised anti-corruption bodies, systems for monitoring the activities of civil servants, the digitisation of administrative procedures and tools for ensuring transparency are analysed. The examples of Singapore and South Korea demonstrate the effective combination of strict anti-corruption oversight with high standards of public administration. The experience of Georgia and Romania has shown the effectiveness of rapid institutional reforms with international support and active public control. The Swedish model, on the other hand, demonstrates a long-term preventive effect thanks to deep-rooted political integrity and openness in public administration. The comparative analysis identifies the most effective anti-corruption tools that have the potential to be adapted to the Ukrainian context. The feasibility of introducing the principle of inevitability of responsibility, improving financial control mechanisms, strengthening the institutional capacity of anti-corruption agencies, introducing modern IT solutions in public administration, and ensuring the independence of investigative and judicial bodies has been substantiated. The critical importance of political will at all levels of government and the active participation of civil society has been emphasised. Specific steps are proposed for the implementation of relevant mechanisms in the legislation and practice of Ukraine’s anti-corruption policy, taking into account the challenges associated with the state of war and post-war reconstruction. Particular attention is paid to analysing the challenges associated with transferring foreign experience to the Ukrainian legal space. The risks of mechanically copying models without taking into account the socio-cultural context are considered. The importance of adaptation is emphasised, taking into account national specifics, institutional capacity and the level of trust in state institutions. The article may be of interest to researchers, lawyers, politicians and experts in the field of public administration who are involved in reforming anti-corruption policy and developing effective models for preventing abuse in the public sphere.
Copyright (c) 2025 O. S. Maletova, O. O. Tymoshenko, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Artificial Intelligence Diffusion on the Realisation of the Right to an Adequate Standard of Living
This article is devoted to a comprehensive understanding of the impact of artificial intelligence technology diffusion on the transmission channels of productivity into household income and, as a result, the possibility of realising the human right to an adequate standard of living. The aim of the study is to examine the issues involved in developing an analytical framework that integrates the definitional and legal foundations for regulating artificial intelligence, specific empirical indicators of labour market tension, and political and economic pathways for the socially just conversion of technological dividends into improved working conditions and wages. The methodology combines a doctrinal analysis of legal definitions, a professionally specific approach, as well as a taxonomy of sectoral AI intensity (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) and triangulation of official statistical data from several technologically developed regions (US Bureau of Labour Statistics, Eurostat, Statistics Canada) with industry reviews (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, McKinsey). The study concluded that the post-pandemic “cooling” of job vacancies in the US, EU and Canada is largely cyclical. At the same time, a specific signal of artificial intelligence is manifested in the internal recomposition of demand – routine tasks are being replaced by positions with high human-machine complementarity. At the same time, a specific signal from artificial intelligence is manifested in the internal recomposition of demand – routine tasks are being replaced by positions with high human-machine complementarity; absolute automation puts pressure on the labour share, but regenerative applications of artificial intelligence have the potential to generate a double social dividend with complementary investments in training and staff skills; The legitimacy of using artificial intelligence in high-risk and high-responsibility areas (medicine, justice, defence) directly depends on the explainability of artificial intelligence, reliable accountability, and the implementation of ‘human in the loop’ standards. The scientific novelty lies in identifying the advantages of a risk-based regulatory model (a permissive corridor with operational criteria for identifying risks and threats) and in combining human rights protection with market indicators: job exposure, Beveridge curve dynamics, and the share of AI-adjacent roles. The practical significance lies in a calibrated social mix: the application of a universal basic income as a basic security mechanism, targeted employment subsidies, and, in the event of the widespread use of artificial intelligence to critical levels, the introduction of guaranteed employment programmes.
Copyright (c) 2025 V. V. Maltsev http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sustainable Development Goals as a Component of the National Security System: Legal and Methodological Approaches
The article examines the place and role of sustainable development goals in the modern national security system of Ukraine. In the context of growing global challenges, military conflicts, climate change, information attacks and socio-economic instability, the integration of sustainable development principles into state security policy is becoming particularly relevant. It is shown that the Sustainable Development Goals cannot be considered in isolation from the security paradigm, since long-term stability is only possible with a comprehensive approach that covers economic, social and environmental dimensions, as well as the legal and institutional mechanisms for ensuring them. Particular attention is paid to the security dimension of the Sustainable Development Goals, in particular Goal 16, “Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions”, which most fully reflects the interconnection between security and sustainable development. International and national regulatory and legal acts that form the legal basis for the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals in Ukraine are analysed, in particular: the Law of Ukraine “On National Security of Ukraine”, the Decree of the President of Ukraine “On the Sustainable Development Goals of Ukraine for the period until 2030”, the State Strategy for Regional Development for 2020–2027, the Strategy for Environmental Security and Adaptation to Climate Change, the Information Security Strategy, and the National Recovery Plan for Ukraine. It is concluded that, despite the existence of individual strategies, the regulatory and legal framework remains fragmented and needs to be unified. The article proposes a comprehensive risk-oriented approach to integrating the Sustainable Development Goals into national security policy, combining a systematic analysis of the interrelationships between security and development, indicator-based monitoring of results, and risk forecasting. The novelty of the study lies in identifying specific gaps in legal regulation and proposing a methodological model for assessing the effectiveness of integrating the Sustainable Development Goals into Ukraine’s security policy. It is argued that such an approach makes it possible to move from a declarative level of implementation to the practical realisation of sustainable development principles in the security sector, contributes to enhancing the institutional capacity of the state and the formation of a long-term state strategy focused on preventing complex threats and strengthening democratic institutions.
Copyright (c) 2025 M. S. Utkina http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Use of Artificial Intelligence in Criminal Proceedings During Martial Law
This article examines the possibilities, risks, and regulatory aspects of using artificial intelligence in criminal proceedings, with a particular focus on the challenges posed by martial law in Ukraine. Given current trends in digitalisation and the need to improve the effectiveness of investigations, examples of the use of artificial intelligence in law enforcement practice are analysed, including automated analysis of large amounts of data, biometric identification, the use of drones for reconnaissance, predictive analytics and other technologies. Particular attention is paid to the experience of using artificial intelligence systems to investigate war crimes, in particular the identification of Russian military personnel, the detection of collaborators, and the search for missing persons and abducted children. The prospects for the application of deep learning algorithms, augmented search tools, thematic databases, and the possibility of automating routine investigative (search) activities are analysed. The risks associated with the use of artificial intelligence are critically examined: the unreliability and “hallucinations” of algorithms, the opacity of models, the risks of discrimination, privacy violations, problems with the verification of digital evidence, and the technical inadequacy of existing systems. The need to introduce regulatory guarantees of quality, reliability and accountability of results obtained with the help of artificial intelligence is argued. The need to introduce the principles of transparency, accountability, awareness and oversight of algorithmic tools in criminal proceedings is justified. Proposed directions for improving criminal procedural legislation, in particular amendments to Articles 91 and 101 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine, aimed at regulating and recognising the results of artificial intelligence as procedural sources of evidence, provided that they are properly recorded, verified and expertly assessed. The amendments provide for the clear recording of the use of artificial intelligence in procedural documents, the introduction of a person responsible for the use of technologies, as well as mechanisms for verifying and evaluating the results obtained. This approach will ensure a balance between technological progress and the protection of human rights, improving the quality of investigations and trust in the judicial system. It has been concluded that it is advisable to develop a comprehensive regulatory model for the legal regulation of artificial intelligence in Ukraine, taking into account the provisions of the EU AI Act, the needs of wartime and human rights standards. The need for a flexible and functional approach to the legal regulation of artificial intelligence is emphasised, focusing not on its definition but on the assessment of its real consequences and possibilities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zh. V. Udovenko, V. I. Galagan, V. A. Shkelebei http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Monitoring of Labour Rights Compliance under Martial Law by the Ukrainian Ombudsman
There has been a global increase in labour rights violations. The main reasons for this include low wages, the replacement of employment contracts with subcontracts, the spread of informal employment, and the establishment of a minimum subsistence level that does not provide a decent standard of living for workers and their families. Europe has also seen the worst labour rights compliance records in the last decade. In Europe, the last decade has also seen the worst indicators of compliance with workers’ rights. It is emphasised that Ukraine’s integration into the European legal space requires respect for human and civil rights, in particular the right to work. It is stressed that most labour rights violations remain traditional, as the state has long paid insufficient attention to them. Such violations include wage arrears, informal employment, etc. It is also noted that the minimum subsistence level does not meet the standards for ensuring the normal functioning of the body and maintaining human health. It is pointed out that the minimum wage does not cover the basic needs of workers and contradicts the requirements of International Labour Organisation Convention No. 131 and EU Directive 2022/2041. The report outlines the specific features of violations of the right to work caused by the full-scale invasion. It analyses the differences in migration processes before and after the start of the war and identifies the threats to Ukraine’s economy associated with migration. Changes in the qualitative composition of the unemployed have been identified. Particular attention is paid to workers for whom additional social guarantees have been introduced in recent years (in particular, workers at critical infrastructure facilities and persons deprived of their personal freedom as a result of armed aggression against Ukraine). The role of the Ukrainian Parliament Commissioner for Human Rights in monitoring compliance with the right to work is revealed. It is emphasised that the results of such monitoring are regularly reflected in annual reports on the state of observance and protection of human and civil rights and freedoms in Ukraine. The focus is on priorities for the economy in observing the labour rights of workers.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yu. F. Ivanov, M. V. Ivanova http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Insecurity and socio-economic development in Osun state (Nigeria)
Osun State, located in the southwestern part of Nigeria, has been grappling with significant security challenges in recent years, which have had adverse effects on its overall growth and development, especially in terms of socioeconomic progress. The study posits that Osun State has experienced increase in the numbers of cult violence, ritual killing, robberies, and kidnappings. Comparatively, these crimes are not as violent as insurgency or militancy as witnessed in the northeast and south-south regions of Nigeria, but they continually weaken tourism, education, and the local economic sustainability of Osun State. The study there seeks to investigate the root causes of insecurity in the Osun State, to determine the impacts of insecurity on social-economic development and to come up with policy-oriented action plan that will sustain a secure and viable economic environment. The study relied on the human security theory to explain the causes and effects of insecurity in Osun State. Using the qualitative research method, data were gathered from secondary sources such as books, journals, government reports, policy-based documents and briefs. Data were analysed using thematic content analysis. The study found that insecurity is caused by ineffective security architecture, unemployment, lack of quality leadership, and substance abuse and corruption, the study also found that the effect of the persistent insecurity includes fear, increased crime rate, decreased investments, decreased business activity and migration pressures, all of which denigrate development. The study recommends that insecurity demands a multidimensional approach, such as the application of modern security technology, intelligence gathering methods, community policing and political will, as well as overall reforms where peace and economic stability is guaranteed.
Copyright (c) 2025 О. О. Омодунбі, А. І. Адеєє, О. С. Олаволе http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Structure of National Security Legislation: Theoretical Foundations and Systematisation Issues
The article discusses the problems of fragmentation and insufficient internal consistency of Ukraine’s national security legislation. It is noted that these issues have become particularly acute in the context of martial law, and there is an urgent need for legal certainty in order for the security and defence sector to function effectively. The array of regulatory and legal acts governing the security sphere is characterised by a lack of a unified approach, which complicates law enforcement and hinders reforms. The purpose of the article is to develop and justify an analytical model of the structure of national security legislation, which allows assessing its component structure, internal consistency and hierarchical relationships. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of this structure in the context of fundamental changes introduced by the Law of Ukraine “On Law-Making Activity”. It is indicated that the study is based on the comprehensive application of systemic-structural, formal-legal and doctrinal methods of analysis. This made it possible to consider security legislation as a holistic entity, identify its key components and explore the links between them. Analytical tools have been developed to systematise and assess the quality of security legislation. A model has been proposed to law-making entities and scholars that will help to organise the legislative body in accordance with the principles laid down in the new legislation on law-making, which is critically important for strengthening national security and Ukraine’s European integration course. Based on the results of the study, a four-component model of the structure of national security legislation has been developed, which includes: 1) normative-legal acts of full regulation; 2) normative-legal acts of partial regulation; 3) ratified international treaties; 4) legal links between these elements. It is argued that the adoption of the Law of Ukraine ‘On Law-Making’ not only confirms the relevance of this approach, but also provides a regulatory framework for its practical implementation, enshrining the principles of consistency and legal certainty. The inexpediency of including non-imperative strategic planning acts in the structure of legislation has been proven.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yu. O. Zahumenna, K. A. Voloshyn http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Provocation of a Criminal Offence: Issues of Determining the Legal Nature and Normative Model
The article is devoted to determining the legal nature of provocation of a criminal offence and developing proposals for an optimal model of legislative regulation of criminal liability for such acts. The binary nature of provocation is established and characterised, combining the features of complicity (in the form of incitement) and involvement – quasi-lawful activity that poses an independent public danger, encroaching on relations in the sphere of justice. Two types of provocation are distinguished: official and civil. Particular attention is paid to the legal assessment of the actions of law enforcement officers in the context of the practice of the European Court of Human Rights regarding the distinction between provocation and lawful activity in documenting criminal unlawful behaviour. Amendments and additions to the Criminal Code of Ukraine regarding liability for official and civil provocation are proposed A draft of a new legal norm has been developed – Article 384-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine “Official provocation of a criminal offence”, in which official provocation is defined as actions by a law enforcement officer to incite a person to commit a criminal offence with the aim of subsequently bringing that person to criminal liability or blackmailing or discrediting. It is justified that the placement of this article after Article 384 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine (“Misleading a court or other authorised body”) is logical, since provocation of a criminal offence, by its generic nature, belongs to law enforcement fictions, which are essentially deception, which subsequently becomes the subject of consideration by the prosecutor (during the approval or drafting of the indictment) and the court (at the trial stage). Arguments are presented in favour of the expediency of excluding Article 370 “Provocation of bribery” from the Criminal Code of Ukraine as redundant in the presence of Article 384-1 de lege ferenda. It is proposed to supplement Article 27 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine with Part 8 as follows: “A person who provokes a criminal offence, that is, incites another person to commit a criminal offence with the aim of subsequently bringing that person to criminal liability or blackmailing or discrediting, is an instigator. Official provocation of a criminal offence shall entail criminal liability only in cases specifically provided for in Article 384-1 of this Code”. This addition is aimed at regulating issues of the normative definition and qualification of civil provocation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yu. V. Orlov, S. V. Shchebetun http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Activities of the National Police of Ukraine During Martial Law as a Factor for Ensuring National Security and European Integration of the State
The article analyses the current state of organisation and functioning of the Ukrainian National Police system of bodies and units under martial law. It examines the specifics of police measures to create a secure environment depending on the type and nature of potential and real threats to the national security of the state. It concludes that foreign scientific literature does not sufficiently cover the activities of Ukrainian security and defence entities, in particular the National Police of Ukraine, during martial law. This affects the European community’s understanding of the need for systematic support for the Ukrainian people’s struggle. An analysis of the National Police of Ukraine’s implementation of law enforcement projects aimed at creating a secure environment, ensuring public safety and order, protecting the lives and health of citizens, and combating crime has been carried out. Among these projects, the following should be noted: “Guard of the Offensive”, “White Angels”, “Service 112”, “Community Police Officers”, “Educational Security Service”, “Unified Weapons Register”, and “Comprehensive Security System for Public Places”. The changes in legislation regulating the legal status and powers of the National Police of Ukraine, introduced during the legal regime of martial law, have been analysed. It has been proven that law enforcement projects implemented by the National Police of Ukraine are aimed not only at ensuring Ukraine’s national security but also have an impact on European security as a whole. This, in turn, confirms the inevitability of our country’s European and Euro-Atlantic integration. Proposals have been developed to improve the activities of the police in European Union countries, taking into account the Ukrainian experience of the functioning of the National Police system, in particular in the following areas: improving legislation on the police, in particular the legal regulation of its military tasks and functions, transforming the content of police training by introducing special disciplines in military and engineering training, developing algorithms for the evacuation of civilians from emergency areas, in particular during shelling or in the presence of other dangerous factors, taking measures to improve the security of personnel and police infrastructure facilities.
Copyright (c) 2025 K. L. Buhaichuk http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Limitation of Notary Obligation in Monitoring the Fairness of Limited Liability Company Service User Transactions
A notary plays a critical role in the Indonesian legal system by ensuring the validity of transactions, especially those involving limited liability companies. As a public official, a notary is entrusted with the responsibility of applying the Principle of Recognizing the Service User, which includes the identification, verification, and monitoring of transactions to prevent illegal activities, such as money laundering. However, regulations like the Minister of Law and Human Rights Regulation No. 9 of 2017 remain vague and do not provide clear guidelines regarding the “fairness of transactions”, resulting in legal uncertainty for notaries. This lack of clear parameters places notaries in a challenging position as they must balance their legal duties, especially when determining what constitutes a suspicious or unfair transaction. This study aims to analyze the limitations of notaries’ obligations in monitoring the fairness of transactions involving PT service users. By using a normative legal research methodology, this research evaluates the legislative and conceptual approaches to building a comprehensive legal framework for notarial duties. The findings highlight that the absence of explicit guidelines causes inconsistent interpretations among notaries, leading to potential conflicts between their obligation to maintain client confidentiality under the Notary Act and their responsibility to report suspicious transactions to the Financial Transaction Reporting and Analysis Center as mandated by the Anti-Money Laundering Law. This study concludes that there is a critical need for clearer regulations and technical guidelines that balance these two competing obligations, thereby enhancing legal certainty and improving the effectiveness of notaries in preventing financial crimes. Strengthening cooperation between notaries and supervisory authorities, as well as providing legal protection for notaries who comply with their reporting obligations, is essential for improving transparency and accountability in the legal profession.
Copyright (c) 2025 W. I. Airlangga, Sihabudin, L. D. Andreassari
Legal Regulation of Military Service in Ukraine by Foreigners and Stateless Persons
It is emphasised that today, along with its citizens, Ukraine is also being defended against russian aggression by citizens of other countries. Over the past three years, a number of amendments and additions have been made to national legislation regarding the legal status of foreign military personnel and stateless persons and the procedure for their military service. The points of view of scholars on the sectoral nature of military service relations are studied. The categories of “labour”, “service” and “contract” are considered. The close connection between the categories of “labour” and “service” is pointed out. It is substantiated that the category of “service” is manifested in the mental activity of an employee, which corresponds to one of the two types of employee’s activity, which can be physical and mental. It is proved that military service under a contract has the characteristics of non-independent, hired labour. Therefore, by its very nature, military service under a contract is a non-independent, specialised hired labour. The relations regarding the performance of military service under a contract are labour relations which are the subject matter of labour law. The attention is drawn to the fact that the Law of Ukraine “On Military Duty and Military Service” devotes only one article to the peculiarities of military service by foreigners and stateless persons (Article 21-2) and another article is devoted to their financial support (Article 21-3). The incorrectness of separate coverage of the procedure for financial support is pointed out, since it is an important condition for military service. Based on the analysis of Art. 21-2 of the Law of Ukraine “On Military Duty and Military Service”, it is noted that, despite the title, it has a rather laconic content, essentially not defining the specifics of military service by foreigners and stateless persons. The provision of Part 2 of Article 21-2 of this Law, which provides for the terms of military service of foreigners and stateless persons, cannot be called peculiar, since Article 23 “Terms of Military Service” provides for similar terms of military service in calendar terms for Ukrainian citizens who are enlisted for military service under a contract. The provision on the possibility of termination of the contract is hardly related to the performance of service. The article proposes to amend Article 21-2 “Peculiarities of Military Service by Foreigners and Stateless Persons” of the Law of Ukraine “On Military Duty and Military Service” to provide for differences in the rights, duties and responsibilities, terms of service, service time and rest time, and financial support of foreign military personnel and stateless persons compared to military personnel who are citizens of Ukraine.
Copyright (c) 2025 S. M. Bortnyk, K. Yu. Melnyk
Issues of Lawmaking and Lawmaking Terminology in Ukraine and Italy
The article focuses on the comparison of Ukrainian and Italian lawmaking activities and lawmaking terminology, which allowed to identify similar approaches to the lawmaking process and lawmaking terminology, and to outline the differences in the lawmaking process and the content of lawmaking terminology, and the peculiarities of its consolidation at the level of regulatory legal acts. The author emphasises that lawmaking is one of the main activities of a modern rule-of-law state. It is established that a special feature of the Italian Constitution is the presence of a special section devoted to the procedure for adopting laws, which contains a detailed description of the terminology of the lawmaking process. Particular attention is paid to the comparative analysis of Ukrainian and Italian lawmaking terminology, which made it possible to identify common features in the approaches to the lawmaking process, in particular, in terms of understanding of such concepts as: “legislative function”, “legislative initiative”, “draft law”, “promulgation of laws”, “popular referendum”, “delegation of the legislative function”. At the same time, the author identifies a number of differences relating to both the legal nature of these terms and the specifics of their enshrining at the regulatory level. The author emphasises that Italian legislation has a clearer terminological distinction of concepts, their consistency and stability, which ensures a higher level of legal certainty. In the Ukrainian legal system, on the other hand, some terms have a broader understanding, which sometimes complicates their practical application in lawmaking. These steps will allow Ukraine not only to increase the efficiency of lawmaking, but also to bring the national legal system closer to the standards and best practices of the European Union.
Copyright (c) 2025 V. I. Teremetskyi, V. V. Lazariev
Contractual Regulation of Marital Relations in Ukraine
The contractual regulation of marital relations as a modern legal and social instrument for regulating the interaction of spouses in Ukraine is analysed. Attention is paid to clarifying the concept, legal nature, and characteristics of the parties to a marriage contract, as well as comparing the legal regulation of the institution of marriage contracts in Ukraine and foreign countries from the perspective of the possibility of integrating positive foreign experience. The legislation of various countries is analysed, with particular attention paid to the experience of the France and Germany, and the social prerequisites and consequences of the spread of the practice of contractual regulation of marital relations are revealed. The position that a marriage contract is not only a legal form of regulating the rights and obligations of spouses, but also a social mechanism that reflects the transformation of the institution of the family in the context of a changed value system, increased individualisation and the growing importance of personal autonomy is supported. Empirical data is presented showing that, despite the legal possibility, marriage contracts remain uncommon due to the dominance of traditional ideas about marriage, distrust of legal mechanisms, and low legal awareness. It has been proven that a marriage contract is a contract for joint activity, concluded to change the legal regime of jointly acquired property of spouses, and does not contain obligations of the parties to combine their contributions and act jointly. The contractual regulation of marital relations in Ukraine was studied through the prism of modern legal approaches, the theoretical foundations, regulatory framework and practice of its application were analysed, the content of the marriage contract, its limits were revealed. Conclusions have been drawn about the introduction of certain provisions regarding marriage contracts that are not characteristic of Ukrainian legislation: firstly, the prohibition on making changes to a marriage contract is considered a radical and unjustified condition; secondly, the registration of marriage contracts through the courts is considered burdensome for both the parties and the judicial system. In conclusion, the need for a broader legal awareness approach, adaptation of national legislation to modern social realities, and support for the institution of marriage contracts as an element of responsible partnership and social stability is noted.
Criminal Proceedings in the Absence of the Suspect or Accused (in absentia): Legislative Transformations and Current Regulation
The article examines the transformation and current standardisation of criminal proceedings in the absence of a suspect or defendant (in absentia) in the context of the development of Ukrainian criminal procedural law. It is emphasised that the introduction of special pre-trial investigations and special court proceedings in 2014 was the legislator's response to public and security demands to ensure the inevitability of criminal liability in cases where a person evades justice or is outside the jurisdiction of Ukraine. It has been established that further changes during 2014–2025 were fragmentary in nature and only partially eliminated the existing gaps. Along with the study of national legislation, the restrictions on the absence of the accused during court proceedings in the practice of the International Criminal Court and the possibility of conducting certain procedural actions without his participation were analysed separately. It has been found that since 2022, there has been an expansion in the scope of application of in absentia proceedings, as the mass nature of war crimes and collaborationism has created a practical need for the widespread use of the mechanisms under study. Criminal proceedings in the absence of a suspect or defendant have become not only an instrument of legal response, but also a political message about the inevitability of responsibility. The article highlights the conceptual inconsistency and structural imbalance of legal regulation: individual elements of proceedings in absentia are contained in different chapters of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine, which complicates its holistic perception as a single procedural institution. A proposal is made to provide for the procedure for criminal proceedings in the absence of the suspect or accused (in absentia) in Section VI of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine, which is devoted to the regulation of special procedures for criminal proceedings, combining in it the peculiarities of both special pre-trial investigation and special court proceedings. Problems with the implementation of such proceedings at the present stage have been identified, in particular: the formality of the participation of the defence counsel, the lack of a clear procedure for reviewing a judgment rendered in absentia, formalism in confirming the fact of a person’s evasion, as well as the imperfection of the mechanisms for informing them. Specific ways to improve the legislation have been proposed. It has been established that, despite the existing shortcomings, the institution of in absentia is a necessary tool capable of ensuring effective justice in exceptional circumstances.
practice of the European Court of Human Rights
special procedures of criminal proceedings
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.
Specific Features of the Classification of War Crimes Against Property Involving Elements of Theft
The article is devoted to the development of theoretical foundations and practical recommendations for the correct classification of war crimes directed against property and involving elements of theft. Additional arguments are presented in favour of interpreting theft as the unlawful removal of property from the owner’s possession against their will, as well as the conversion of such property for the benefit of other persons. Approaches to the classification of war crimes against property are identified, provided that it is recognised as an additional optional object of encroachment, which depends on both the perpetrator of the crime and the characteristics of the object, the victim, the method and context of the socially dangerous act. Three typical situations of criminal law classification have been established and characterised, and a number of legal options have been identified within which the grounds for classification are determined, either as a war crime under Article 438 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, or as a military offence with signs of a war crime, including looting (Articles 432, 433 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine), or as an ordinary criminal offence. The characteristics of the international legal blanket nature of the disposition of Part 1 of Article 438 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine in terms of causing damage to property in conditions of armed conflict as a result of acts with signs of theft are provided. It has been proven that acts involving theft, robbery, extortion, appropriation of civilian property, and unlawful seizure of vehicles committed by combatants on the side of the russian federation should be classified under Part 1 of Article 438 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine as other violations of the laws and customs of war provided for by international treaties, the binding nature of which has been approved by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. 438 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine as other violations of the laws and customs of war provided for by international treaties, the binding nature of which has been approved by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. This classification is based on the violation of the prohibition on the appropriation of such property, established by Part 1 of Article 53 of the Hague Convention of 1907, Article 147 of the Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War of 1949, and Rule 51 of Customary International Humanitarian Law. It is emphasised that this rule of criminal law classification is also applicable to a corresponding group of acts committed by civilians who are agents of the occupation. Such persons may include both citizens of the aggressor state and citizens of Ukraine who, as a result of predicate collaboration activities (Parts 5–7 of Article 111-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine), have acquired the status of subjects of occupation.
Communication Technologies and Specialised Communication Protocols for Ensuring Cybersecurity of the Internet of Things
Internet of Things devices are characterised by limited resources in terms of power, processing, memory and bandwidth. As a result, traditional protocols relating to network operations and security cannot be implemented in their current form in the specific environment of the Internet of Things. Standardisation is necessary for the organisation of IoT interaction, because without established regulations, precise instructions and global standards, the industry will eventually face serious compatibility and security issues. In addition, many IoT devices process sensitive data that they can autonomously collect and distribute to other devices or the network. There is a need for stronger data protection measures and stricter controls for IoT devices that authenticate and interact on the network. Protecting IoT devices and communication protocols has become a priority in our increasingly connected world. It is noted that the analysis of the security of IoT communication technologies using specialised communication protocols across networks with different topologies, communication ranges and bandwidths is a pressing issue, as the number of security and privacy breaches in the IoT ecosystem is growing, which is constantly expanding in various sectors of the economy and human life with the introduction of billions of heterogeneous smart devices. In addition, many Internet of Things networks cover a wide range of communication protocols, some of which may not have reliable security features, making them vulnerable to attacks. The term “communication technology” is used to define communication protocols at each level of the Internet of Things platform architecture. In an effort to provide a better understanding of the architecture and use of Internet of Things technologies, the taxonomy presented in the article facilitates the effective separation of relevant Internet of Things technologies into channel-level protocols, network encapsulation protocols, and routing protocols according to their standards. The study may encourage scientists and professionals to develop new and more effective network protocols based on the current gaps and shortcomings discussed in the article.
Internet of Things communication protocols
National and Alternative Reports on the Implementation of the European Social Charter (Revised) as a Principle of Human Rights Compliance
The article reveals the main provisions of the European Social Charter (revised) 1996 and its interconnection with the European Social Charter 1961. The research methodology is based on general scientific and special methods of cognition. It is emphasised that Ukraine's integration into the European legal space and the fulfilment of its obligations under the Association Agreement with the European Union require the harmonisation of national legislation with European standards. Emphasis is placed on the forms of control over the fulfilment of obligations under the Charters, including the submission of national reports and the collective complaint procedure. Complaints must raise general issues regarding the incompatibility of a law or practice with one or more provisions of the Charters and cannot be submitted in relation to individual situations. The procedure for reporting by participating states on the implementation of the provisions of the Charters is defined. The latest changes in the rules for submitting national reports are noted. States Parties that have not adopted the collective complaint procedure report on one group of provisions every two years, while those that have adopted the procedure report every four years. Reports should focus on the situation at the time of submission, as well as on actions taken or planned to improve the situation, and include information on the legislative framework, measures taken, and relevant indicators. A limited number of target questions are determined in advance, which must be answered in the report and which relate only to provisions adopted by the state. Emphasis is placed on the advantages of ratifying the Additional Protocol, which provides for a collective complaint system, to which Ukraine has not yet acceded. The functions of the main supervisory bodies of the Charters – the European Committee of Social Rights, the Governmental Committee of the European Social Charter and the European Code of Social Security – are identified, as well as the role of the Committee of Ministers and the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe in the procedure for assessing the implementation of the Charters. Three main stages in the reporting procedure have been established: examination of reports on compliance/non-compliance with the Charters; adoption of conclusions (making recommendations if necessary); consideration of the recommendations made. Emphasis is placed on the mechanism for submitting comments on national reports (alternative reports), which may contain additional or alternative information on all issues raised in the national report, or comment on a single issue or information that is missing from the government report. The role of the Ukrainian Parliament Commissioner for Human Rights in the process of reporting on the implementation of the provisions of the Charters was highlighted.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yu. F. Ivanov, M. V. Ivanova
Impact of Religion on the Social Status of Women in India: Historical and Legal Overview
The article is devoted to a retrospective study of the impact of religion on the social status of women in India. In particular, it is shown that throughout the long history of Indian civilisation, religion has shaped and changed the idea of women, their place and role in society. In the myths and legends of the prehistoric period, a woman is a divine creation given to a man for a life together. With the penetration of the Aryans deep into Hindustan and the development of Brahmanism, the attitude towards women changed, and their dependence on men increased. The article analyses the main postulates of the Brahminical doctrine, which defined the main purpose of a woman – to give birth. In this sense, the wife was seen as a “field” whose “owner” is the husband. It is shown that the canons of Brahmanism required women to be devoted to their husbands even after his death. This was reflected in the shameful, humiliating attitude towards widows and the tradition of self-immolation of widows, which testified to the wife’s complete dependence on her husband, even after his death. The article examines the religious and philosophical teachings of Jainism and Buddhism, which became a real challenge to Brahmanism, as they broke the established views on the meaning of life, as well as on the place and role of women in the family and society. The original sources are studied, on the basis of which it is concluded that the founders of the new religious and philosophical teachings of that time – Mahavira and Buddha – were not social reformers, since they did not oppose the varna-caste system of society, did not defend the equality of rights of men and women in the modern sense. Nevertheless, they made a significant contribution to solving the gender problems of the society of that time, as Jainism and Buddhism became religions that disregarded the ethnicity and caste of their adherents. The new religions opened up access to spiritual self-realisation and education for women, which was undoubtedly revolutionary. The religious and philosophical teachings of Jainism and Buddhism provoked a negative reaction from Brahmanism. It manifested itself in an even stricter canonical consolidation of the hierarchy of varna, ranking of marriage forms and rules of behaviour in the family. Subsequently, Hinduism, which became the dominant religion in India, effectively deprived women of their rights and established the complete supremacy of male power in society and in the family.
Copyright (c) 2025 I. A. Lohvynenko, Ye. S. Lohvynenko
Foreign Experience in Preventing and Combating Domestic Violence in the European Union Countries and Possibilities of Its Use in Ukraine
A comprehensive analysis of the organisational and legal framework for preventing and combating domestic violence in the Republic of Poland, the Czech Republic, as well as in the Republics of Latvia and Lithuania is carried out. The legislative and administrative legal regulation of the activities of the authorised entities of these EU member states in the field of combating domestic violence is analysed. The main powers of police bodies and units of Latvia, Lithuania, the Czech Republic and Poland in the general system of prevention and counteraction to domestic violence are identified: conducting awareness-raising activities, suppression of unlawful acts, assessment of the risks of domestic violence, issuance of restraining orders, and referral of victims to special assistance institutions. The key role of EU police authorities and units in the formation and implementation of the state policy in the field of preventing and combating domestic violence is emphasised. It is proved that the legislation on criminal and administrative liability for domestic violence in the studied countries differs from the Ukrainian one, since it sometimes lacks provisions that directly establish liability for domestic violence. It is stressed that the analysed EU countries have established an effective system of social, psychological and legal assistance to victims of domestic violence. In particular, this is reflected in the functioning of extensive networks of specialised crisis centres and counselling centres which help these persons to draw up a personal safety plan, make referrals to specialised professionals, and resolve the issue of providing “emergency housing” for temporary residence, especially for women with minor children. The paper formulates a number of conceptual provisions for improving the legal and organisational framework for preventing and combating domestic violence in Ukraine, taking into account the best law enforcement practices of the analyzed countries, in particular: establishing administrative liability for refusal to undergo a correctional programme for offenders; increasing the period of administrative detention of a person who has committed domestic violence to 24 hours; establishing the obligation of the offender to pay (part of the payment) for undergoing a correctional programme at the level of by-laws.